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Robots, the next generation of soccer players If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next Messi probably won’t be of

Gramática (Grammatics)

CESGRANRIO · 2021

Robots, the next generation of soccer players
If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next Messi probably won’t be of flesh and blood but plastic and metal.
The concept emerged during the conference “Workshop on grand challenges in artificial intelligence,” held in Tokyo in 1992, and independently, in 1993, when Professor Alan Mackworth from the University of Bristol in Canada described an experiment with small soccer players in a scientific article.
Over 40 teams already participated in the first RoboCup tournament in 1997, and the competition is held every year. The RoboCup Federation wants to play and win a game against a real-world cup humans’ team by 2050.
The idea behind artificially intelligent players is to investigate how robots perceive motion and communicate with each other. Physical abilities like walking, running, and kicking the ball while maintaining balance are crucial to improving robots for other tasks like rescue, home, industry, and education.
Designing robots for sports requires much more than experts in state-of-the-art technology. Humans and machines do not share the same skills. Engineers need to impose limitations on soccer robots to imitate soccer players as much as possible and ensure following the game’s rules.
RoboCup Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots, which supports five leagues, imposes restrictions on players’ design and rules of the game. Each has its own robot design and game rules to give room for different scientific goals. The number of players, their size, the ball type, and the field dimensions are different for each league.
In the humanoid league the players are humanlike robots with human-like senses. However, they are rather slow. Many of the skills needed to fully recreate actual soccer player movements are still in the early stages of research.
The game becomes exciting for middle and small size leagues. The models are much simpler; they are just boxes with a cyclopean eye. Their design focuses on team behavior: recognizing an opponent, cooperating with team members, receiving and giving a standard FIFA size ball.
Today, soccer robots are entirely autonomous. They wireless “talk” to each other, make decisions regarding strategy in real-time, replace an “injured” player, and shoot goals. The only person in a RoboCup game is the referee. The team coaches are engineers in charge of training the RoboCups’ artificial intelligence for fair play: the robots don’t smash against each other or pull their shirts.
The next RoboCup competition will soon be played, virtually, with rules that will allow teams to participate without establishing physical contact.
Available at:. Retrieved on: July 4th, 2021.
Adapted.
In paragraph 7, the word However in the fragment “In the humanoid league, the players are human-like robots with human-like senses. However, they are rather slow” can be replaced, without change in meaning, by
  1. unless
  2. indeed
  3. furthermore
  4. nevertheless
  5. consequently
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Comentário do professor

Alternativa correta: A palavra "However" indica uma relação de contraste, mostrando que, apesar dos jogadores serem robôs humanóides com sentidos semelhantes aos humanos, eles são lentos. A substituição por "nevertheless" mantém essa ideia de contraste, que é fundamental para a compreensão da frase, reforçando que, mesmo com as qualidades mencionadas, existe uma limitação significativa. "Nevertheless" é uma conjunção que também expressa essa relação de oposição e se encaixa perfeitamente no contexto.


Alternativas incorretas:

A: "Unless" indica uma condição que deve ser atendida para que algo aconteça, o que não se aplica aqui, pois a frase não apresenta uma condição, mas uma contradição.


B: "Indeed" é usado para confirmar uma afirmação anterior, mas não serve para expressar contraste. Portanto, não mantém a ideia de opor a qualidade dos robôs à sua lentidão.


C: "Furthermore" é utilizado para adicionar informações, o que não se encaixa na estrutura da frase que expressa um contraste entre as habilidades dos robôs e sua velocidade.


E: "Consequently" implica uma relação de causa e efeito, que não é a intenção da frase. A lentidão dos robôs não é uma consequência de serem humanóides, mas sim um contraste com essa característica.

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