Robots, the next generation of soccer players
If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next Messi probably won’t be of flesh and blood but plastic and metal.
The concept emerged during the conference “Workshop on grand challenges in artificial intelligence,” held in Tokyo in 1992, and independently, in 1993, when Professor Alan Mackworth from the University of Bristol in Canada described an experiment with small soccer players in a scientific article.
Over 40 teams already participated in the first RoboCup tournament in 1997, and the competition is held every year. The RoboCup Federation wants to play and win a game against a real-world cup humans’ team by 2050.
The idea behind artificially intelligent players is to investigate how robots perceive motion and communicate with each other. Physical abilities like walking, running, and kicking the ball while maintaining balance are crucial to improving robots for other tasks like rescue, home, industry, and education.
Designing robots for sports requires much more than experts in state-of-the-art technology. Humans and machines do not share the same skills. Engineers need to impose limitations on soccer robots to imitate soccer players as much as possible and ensure following the game’s rules.
RoboCup Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots, which supports five leagues, imposes restrictions on players’ design and rules of the game. Each has its own robot design and game rules to give room for different scientific goals. The number of players, their size, the ball type, and the field dimensions are different for each league.
In the humanoid league the players are humanlike robots with human-like senses. However, they are rather slow. Many of the skills needed to fully recreate actual soccer player movements are still in the early stages of research.
The game becomes exciting for middle and small size leagues. The models are much simpler; they are just boxes with a cyclopean eye. Their design focuses on team behavior: recognizing an opponent, cooperating with team members, receiving and giving a standard FIFA size ball.
Today, soccer robots are entirely autonomous. They wireless “talk” to each other, make decisions regarding strategy in real-time, replace an “injured” player, and shoot goals. The only person in a RoboCup game is the referee. The team coaches are engineers in charge of training the RoboCups’ artificial intelligence for fair play: the robots don’t smash against each other or pull their shirts.
The next RoboCup competition will soon be played, virtually, with rules that will allow teams to participate without establishing physical contact.
Available at:. Retrieved on: July 4th, 2021.
Adapted.
In the sentence fragment of the fifth paragraph “Designing robots for sports requires much more than experts in state-of-the-art technology”, the words in bold can be replaced, without any change in meaning, by the following words:
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Alternativa correta: A alternativa C, que utiliza as palavras "planning" e "specialists", é a mais adequada, pois "planning" se refere ao ato de planejar, que é um aspecto fundamental no design de robôs para esportes, e "specialists" se refere a profissionais com conhecimento específico na área, o que é necessário para o desenvolvimento de tecnologia de ponta. Ambas as palavras mantêm o significado original da frase, que enfatiza a complexidade do processo de design.
Alternativas incorretas:
A: "drawing" e "scholars" não são apropriados, pois "drawing" implica em desenhar, que não abrange a totalidade do design de robôs, e "scholars" se refere a acadêmicos, que podem não ter experiência prática em tecnologia aplicada.
B: "creating" e "amateurs" falham porque "creating" é uma palavra mais geral que pode não capturar a complexidade do design, e "amateurs" se refere a não profissionais, o que é inadequado, visto que o design de robôs requer expertise avançada.
D: "finishing" e "professionals" não são corretos, pois "finishing" sugere apenas a conclusão de um projeto, sem considerar o processo de design, e "professionals" pode ser vago, sem especificar a área de especialização necessária.
E: "manufacturing" e "engineers" não se ajustam, uma vez que "manufacturing" refere-se à produção, que ocorre após o design, enquanto "engineers" é um termo amplo que não abrange todos os tipos de especialistas necessários no contexto do design de robôs para esportes.
