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Read the following article and answer question Dr. Dweck’s research into growth mindset changed education forever Over 30 years ago, Carol Dweck and her colleagues became intereste

Gramática (Grammatics)

Instituto AOCP · 2019

Read the following article and answer question

Dr. Dweck’s research into growth mindset

changed education forever

Over 30 years ago, Carol Dweck and her colleagues became interested in students' attitudes about failure. They noticed that some students rebounded while other students seemed devastated by even the smallest setbacks. After studying the behavior of thousands of children, Dr. Dweck coined the terms fixed mindset and growth mindset to describe the underlying beliefs people have about learning and intelligence. When students believe they can get smarter, they understand that effort makes them stronger. Therefore they put in extra time and effort, and that leads to higher achievement.

Recent advances in neuroscience have shown us that the brain is far more malleable than we ever knew(I). Research on brain plasticity has shown how connectivity between neurons can change with experience(II). With practice, neural networks grow new connections, strengthen existing ones, and build insulation that speeds transmission of impulses. These neuroscientific discoveries have shown us that we can increase our neural growth by the actions we take, such as using good strategies, asking questions, practicing, and following good nutrition and sleep habits.

[…]

So the researchers asked, “Can we change mindsets? And if so, how?” This began a series of interventions and studies that prove we can indeed change a person’s mindset from fixed to growth, and when we do, it leads to increased motivation and achievement. For example, 7th graders who were taught that intelligence is malleable and shown how the brain grows with effort showed a clear increase in math grades.

In addition to teaching kids about malleable intelligence, researchers started noticing that teacher practice has a big impact on student mindset, and the feedback that teachers give their students can either encourage a child to choose a challenge and increase achievement or look for an easy way out. For example, studies on different kinds of praise have shown that telling children they are smart encourages a fixed mindset, whereas praising hard work and effort cultivates a growth mindset. When students have a growth mindset, they take on challenges and learn from them, therefore increasing their abilities and achievement. […]

Source: https://www.mindsetworks.com/science/.Access:02/12/2019)

Observe the following sentences taken from the text:

I. Recent advances in neuroscience have shown us that the brain is far more malleable than we ever knew. II. Research on brain plasticity has shown how connectivity between neurons can change with experience.

Mark what is CORRECT about verb tenses in the above sentences:

  1. Sentence I presents a modal verb indicating a comparison between what was known about the brain in the past and what is known about it today.
  2. Sentence II presents the verb “have” in the third person of the Simple Present Tense in order to indicate a routine.
  3. Only sentence I presents the verb “show” in the Present Perfect tense expressing an action that began in the past and continued to the present time.
  4. Both sentences have the verb “show” in the Present Perfect Tense expressing an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past.
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Comentário do professor

Ambas as frases apresentam o verbo “show” no Present Perfect, nos formatos have shown e has shown.

Estrutura: Present Perfect = have / has + past participle. Aqui: have shown / has shown.

Concordância: Recent advances (sujeito plural) usa have shown. Research (substantivo coletivo tratado como singular) usa has shown.

Função temporal: o Present Perfect indica ação ocorrida em tempo indefinido no passado, sem referência a data, e com efeito ou relevância no presente. Não há marcação temporal específica nas frases, por isso esse tempo é o adequado.

Em português a ideia corresponde a “mostraram” ou “têm mostrado”, enfatizando o resultado atual dessas descobertas.

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